From the GAO Report to Congressional Requesters
Women in Management: Analysis of Selected Data From the Current Population Survey
GAO-02-156 October 2001
Salary Differentials, Full-time Managers
Full-time Female Manager
Earnings for Every $1.00
Earned by Male Full-time
Industry Managers
1995 2000
Communications $ .86 $ .73
Public Administration $ .80 $ .83
Business and Repair Services $ .82 $ .76
Entertainment and Recreation Services $ .83 $ .62
Other Professional Services $ .88 $ .83
Educational Services $ .86 $ .91
Retail Trade $ .69 $ .65
Finance, Insurance and Real Estate $ .76 $ .68
Hospitals and Medical Services $ .80 $ .85
Professional Medical Services $ .90 $ .88
Standard Industrial Codes and Descriptions
Communications (440-449): Includes radio and television broadcasting, telephone communications, telegraph.
Public Administration (900-990): Includes executive and legislative offices, general government, public finance.
Business and Repair Services (721-760): Includes advertising, personnel supply services, computer and data processing services, automotive rental, electrical repair shops.
Entertainment and Recreation Services (800-810): Includes theaters, motion pictures, videotape rental, bowling centers, recreation services.
Other Professional Services (841, 872-893): Includes legal services, accounting and bookkeeping services, management services.
Educational Services (842-860): Includes elementary and secondary schools, colleges and universities, vocational schools, libraries.
Retail Trade (580-699): Includes retail stores, catalog and mail order houses, gas stations, vending machine operators.
Finance, Insurance and Real Estate (700-720): Includes banking, savings institutions, credit agencies, security and commodity companies, insurance, real estate.
Hospitals and Medical Services (831-840): Includes hospitals, nursing facilities, health services.
Professional Medical Services (except hospitals) (812-830): Includes clinics and offices of physicians, dentists, optometrists, chiropractors.
Characteristics of Managers: Average Age, 2000
Average Age
Male Female
Industry Managers Managers
Communications 42.9 40.4
Public Administration 47.7 45.6
Business and Repair Services 40.6 38.3
Entertainment and Recreation Services 39.8 38.4
Other Professional Services 44.5 39.8
Educational Services 46.8 44.3
Retail Trade 38.9 37.3
Finance, Insurance and Real Estate 45.1 41.1
Hospitals and Medical Services 43.7 44.5
Professional Medical Services 42.7 41.6
Representation of Women in Management, 2000
Positions Filled by Women
Percentage
All Management Point
Industry (%) (%) Difference
Communications 40.9 39.4 1.5
Public Administration 45.1 44 1.1
Business and Repair Services 38.3 33.5 4.8
Entertainment and Recreational Services 41 37 4
Other Professional Services 50.1 50.8 (.7)
Educational Services* 70.6 61.1 9.5
Retail Trade* 52.7 45.8 6.9
Finance, Insurance and Real Estate* 61.1 52.8 8.3
Hospitals and Medical Services* 79.5 65.9 13.6
Professional Medical Services* 79.8 90.2 (10.4)
*indicates a statistically significant difference
Summary
Female managers in most of the 10 industries examined had less education, were younger, were more likely to work part-time, and were less likely to be married than male managers, according to the March 2000 CPS.
There was no statistically significant difference between the percent of management positions filled by women and the percent of all positions filled by women for five of the 10 industries we examined. Statistically significant differences did exist in the other five industries. In 4 of these, women were less represented in management positions than they were in all positions. In 1 of these industries, women were more prevalent in management positions than they were in all positions. Generally, these relationships were the same in 1995 and 2000.
In 1995 and 2000, full-time female managers earned less than full-time male managers, after controlling for education, age, marital status and race.
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