Probation and Parole in the United States. 2001
LAUREN E GLAZE / Bureau of Justice Statistics / USDOJ 25aug02
Lauren E. Glaze is a BJS Statistician
|
More Than 6
Million in Correctional System One in every 32 adults in
United States was behind bars or on probation The number of adults under
supervision by the criminal justice system rose by mindfully.org note: It's just business--the
prison industry. Don't take it personally we're told. |
The total Federal, State, and local adult correctional population - incarcerated or in the community - grew by 148,400 during 2001 to reach a new high of over 6.5 million. About 3.1 % of the U.S. adult population, or 1 in every 32 adults, were incarcerated or on probation or parole at yearend 2001.
A total of 3,932,751 adult men and women were on probation at yearend 2001, representing a growth of 2.8% during the year. The adult parole population grew 1.1 %, rising to a total of 732,351 by December 31, 2001. Since 1995 the parole population has been the slowest growing correctional population, up 1.3% per year, compared to jails (up 3.7% annually) prisons (up 3.6% annually), and probation (up 3.4% annually).
Highlights
Probation
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The adult probation population grew 2.8% in 2001, an increase of 106,542 probationers, less than the average annual growth of 3.4% since 1995.
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53% of all probationers had been convicted of a felony, 45% of a misdemeanor, and 1 % of other infractions. Twenty-five percent were on probation for a drug law violation, and 18% for driving while intoxicated.
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Four States had an increase of 10% or more in their probation population in 2001, led by Maine (up 15%) and Colorado, Kentucky, and Virginia (all up 12%). The adult probation population decreased in 17 States, led by Nevada with the only double-digit decrease (down 14%).
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Idaho had the highest rate of probationers per 100,000 residents, 3,747; New Hampshire had the lowest, 385.
Parole
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Overall, the Nation's parole population grew by about 7,900 in 2001, or 1.1 %.
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Mandatory releases from prison as a result of a sentencing statute or good-time provision comprised 55% of those entering parole in 2001; in 1995 they were 45%.
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A total of 11 States had double-digit increases in their parole population in 2001. Two States had a parole population increase of more than 20%: Oklahoma, up 87%, and Kentucky, up 23%.
Seventeen States had a decrease in their parole population. Two States - West Virginia (down 16%) and North Carolina (down 12%) - had a decrease of more than 10%.
Persons under adult correctional supervision, 1990,1995-2001
Total estimated
correctional Community supervision Incarceration .
Year populations Probation Parole Jail Prison .
1990 4,350,300 2,670,234 531,407 405,320 743,382
1995 5,342,900 3,077,861 679,421 507,044 1,078,542
1996 5,490,700 3,164,996 679,733 518,492 1,127,528
1997b 5,734,900 3,296,513 694,787 567,079 1,176,564
1998b 6,134,200 3,670,441 696,385 592,462 1,224,469
1999b 6,340,800 3,779,922 714,457 605,943 1,287,172
2000 6,445,600 3,826,209 724,486 621,149 1,316,333
2001 6,594,000 3,932,751 732,351 631,240 1,330,980
%change 2000-01
2.3% 2.8% 1.1% 1.6% 1.1%
Average annual %change 1995-2001
3.6% 3.4% 1.3% 3.7% 3.6%
Note: Counts are for December 31, except for jail counts, which are for June 30. Jail
and prison counts include inmates held in private facilities. Totals in 1998
through 2001 exclude probationers held in jail or prison.
a Because some offenders may have multiple statuses, totals were rounded to the nearest 100.
b Coverage of probation agencies was expanded. For counts based on the same reporting agencies,
use 3,266,837 in 1997b (to compare with 1996); 3,417,613 in 1998 (to compare with 1997);
and 3,773,624 in 1999 (to compare with 1998). The average annual percent change was adjusted
for the change in coverage.
Over 4.6 million adult men and women were on probation or parole
At yearend 2001 the number of adult men and women in the United States who were being supervised in the community reached a record high 4,665,102, up from 3,757,282 on December 31, 1995. These data were collected in the 2001 Annual Probation Survey and the 2001 Annual Parole Survey conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). In 2001 the number of adults under supervision in the community increased 2.5%, which was less than the average annual increase of 3.7% since 1995. The total adult correctional population, including those incarcerated and those being supervised in the community, reached a new high of 6,594,000 at the end of 2001. At yearend 2001, 3.1 %, or about 1 in every 32 adults in the United States, were in State or Federal prisons, local jails, or under the supervision of probation or parole authorities, up from 2.7% in 1995.
Texas and California led the Nation in number of adults supervised in the community
More than 1 million persons being supervised in the community in 2001, or about 1 in 5 probationers and parolees, were in Texas and California (table 1). Texas led the Nation with 551,372 persons on probation or parole, followed by California with 468,672. Washington and Texas led the Nation with the largest percentage of its adult population under community supervision (each with 3.6% at yearend 2001), followed by Delaware (3.4%). California's community supervision rate of 1.9% was about half that of Texas. Twelve States reported that fewer than 1 % of their adult populations were on probation or parole. New Hampshire had the lowest rate of supervision in the community (486 offenders per 100,000 adults).
4 States reported an increase of 10% or more in their probation population
Maine reported an increase of 15% in the number of adults on probation during 2001. Colorado, Virginia, and Kentucky (each up 12%) also reported an increase of at least 10% in their adult probation populations. Seventeen States had fewer adults on probation at the end of 2001 than at the beginning of the year, led by Nevada, down 14%, the only double-digit decrease during 2001 (table 2).
Number under supervision per 100.000 adult residents New Hampshire 486 West Virginia 508 North Dakota 638 Virginia 784 Mississippi 827 Utah 891 Maine 909 New Mexico 914 Kentucky 924 Nevada 936 Kansas 971 Massachusetts 980
Table 1. Community corrections among the States, yearend 2001
KEY
A 10 States with the largest 2001 community corrections populations
B Number supervised
C 10 States with the largest percent increase
D Percent increase, 2000-01
E 10 States with the highest rates of supervision, 2001
F Persons supervised per 100,000 adult U.S. residents*
G 10 States with the lowest rates of supervision, 2001
H Persons supervised per 100,000 adult U.S. residents*
A B C D E F G H
Probation: .
TX 443,684 ME 14.8% ID 3,747 NH 385
CA 350,768 CO 12.1 WA 3,551 WV 441
FL 294,626 KY 12.1 DE 3,321 ND 613
NY 196,835 VA 11.6 MN 3,081 NV 654
OH 195,403 WY 8.8 RI 3,049 UT 667
MI 176,406 SD 5.9 TX 2,873 VA 694
WA 159,119 AZ 5.5 IN 2,481 KY 716
IL 141,508 UT 5.4 MI 2,385 MS 741
NJ 132,846 NY 5.3 FL 2,304 KS 769
PA 125,928 MO 4.6 OH 2,302 NM 782
A B C D E F G H
Parole: .
CA 117,904 OK 86.6% PA 921 ME 3
TX 107,688 KY 23.1 OR 729 WA 4
PA 86,238 ID 19.7 TX 720 ND 24
NY 56,719 AR 19.0 LA 718 NE 42
IL 30,157 MT 14.3 AR 517 RI 47
LA 23,330 CT 13.8 CA 479 FL 48
GA 20,809 RI 13.3 NY 397 NC 49
OR 18,761 MS 12.0 GA 346 WV 67
OH 17,885 NV 11.4 MD 340 MA 77
MI 16,501 NE 11.3 IL 329 CT 83
Note: This table excludes the District of Columbia, a wholly urban jurisdiction,
and Georgia, which provided case-based counts for private agencies.
*Rates are computed using the estimated U.S. adult resident population on July 1, 2001.
106,542 probationers added in 2001
During 2001 the probation population grew 106,500, an increase of 2.8% (table 3). This was more than double the annual increase recorded in 2000 (46,287) and slightly lower than the average increase since 1995 (up 113,148 per year).
At yearend 2001 the probation supervision rate totaled 1,849 probationers per 100,000 adult U.S. residents -the equivalent of 1 in every 54 adults. Idaho with 3,747 probationers per 100,000 adult State residents had the highest rate of probation supervision; New Hampshire (with 385 per 100,000) had the lowest.
More than 2.1 million adults entered probation supervision during 2001, an increase of over 78,500 probation entries from 2000. Since 1995 the annual number of entries to probation has risen by 34%, an increase of more than 532,000.
Entries to probation supervision 1995 1,578,182 1996 1,651,544 1997 1,725,431 1998 1,771,952 1999 2,041,167 2000 2,032,089 2001 2,110,550
Table 3. Change in the number of adults on probation, 1995-2001
Annual Increase . Year Number %Change 1995 96,839 3.2% 1996 87,135 2.8 1997b 101,841 3.2 1998a 121,100 3.7 1999a 109,481 3.0 2000 46,287 1.2 2001 106,542 2.8 Total increase, 1995-2001 b 854,890 27.8% Average annual increase, 1995-2001 c 113,148 3.4% a Survey coverage was expanded to include 186 additional agencies in 1998 and 1999. Annual increases reflect comparable reporting agencies in each year. b Based on the overall survey counts in 1995 and 2001. c Based on comparable reporting agencies, excluding 176,005 probationers in 2001 who were in agencies added since 1995.
Table 2. Adults on probation, 2001
KEY A Region and jurisdiction B Probation population, 1/1/01 C Entries 2001 D Exits 2001 E Probation population, 12/31/01 F Percent change, 2001 G Number on probation per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/01 A B C D E F G . U.S. total 3,826,209 2,110,550 1,999,164 3,932,751 2.8% 1,849 Federal 31,669 13,828 13,893 31,561 -0.3% 15 State 3,794,540 2,096,722 1,985,271 3,901,190 2.8 1,834 Northeast 573,280 232,600 209,691 596,189 4.0% 1,462 CT 47,636 22,752 20,556 49,832 4.6 1,928 ME 7,788 7,179 6,028 8,939 14.8 906 MA 45,233 39,871 40,985 44,119 -2.5 904 NH a,b 3,629 2,798 2,762 3,665 1.0 385 NJ 130,610 55,010 52,774 132,846 1.7 2,075 NY 186,955 43,199 33,319 196,835 5.3 1,374 PA b 121,176 48,245 43,493 125,928 3.9 1,344 RI a 20,922 8,482 4,645 24,759 -- 3,049 VT 9,331 5,063 5,128 9,266 -0.7 1,988 Midwest 896,061 569,740 550,868 914,606 2.1% 1,903 IL 139,029 62,911 60,432 141,508 1.8 1,532 IN 109,251 90,845 87,395 112,701 3.2 2,481 IA 21,147 18,870 19,220 20,797 -1.7 950 KS 15,992 21,338 22,080 15,250 -4.6 769 MI b 170,276 118,999 112,536 176,406 3.6 2,385 MN 115,906 62,194 64,487 113,613 -2.0 3,081 MO 53,299 25,741 23,273 55,767 4.6 1,327 NE 21,483 14,570 15,206 20,847 -3.0 1,651 ND 2,847 1,782 1,728 2,901 1.9 613 OH b 189,375 123,269 117,247 195,403 3.2 2,302 SD 4,214 3,404 3,156 4,462 5.9 805 WI 53,242 25,817 24,108 54,951 3.2 1,362 South 1,573,215 921,288 874,971 1,616,358 2.7% 2,117 AL 40,178 16,019 15,580 40,617 1.1 1,215 AR 28,409 11,308 13,159 26,558 -6.5 1,319 DE 20,052 11,792 11,849 19,995 -0.3 3,321 DC 10,664 8,542 8,738 10,468 -1.8 2,291 FL b 296,139 245,593 244,827 294,626 -0.5 2,304 GA b,d 321,407 203,155 166,532 358,030 -- -- KY 19,620 11,255 8,884 21,993 12.1 716 LA 35,854 11,857 11,967 35,744 -0.3 1,101 MD 81,523 42,602 43,417 80,708 -1.0 2,006 MS 15,118 8,074 7,757 15,435 2.1 741 NC 105,949 61,596 56,869 110,676 4.5 1,776 OK a,b 30,969 15,086 15,786 30,269 -2.3 1,179 SC 44,632 14,815 17,039 42,408 -5.0 1,388 TN 40,682 24,374 23,070 41,089 1.0 946 TX 441,848 202,476 200,640 443,684 0.4 2,873 VA 33,955 29,642 25,715 37,882 11.6 694 WV b 6,216 3,102 3,142 6,176 -0.6 441 West 751,984 373,094 349,741 774,037 2.9% 1,630 AK 4,779 908 832 4,855 1.6 1,091 AZ 59,810 39,464 36,192 63,082 5.5 1,598 CA a 343,145 157,440 149,817 350,768 2.2 1,388 CO b 50,460 29,125 23,018 56,567 12.1 1,702 HI 15,525 5,813 5,757 15,581 0.4 1,675 ID 35,103 30,324 29,757 35,670 1.6 3,747 MT 6,108 3,526 3,376 6,258 2.5 928 NV 12,189 5,528 7,263 10,454 -14.2 654 NM 10,461 7,735 6,561 10,335 -1.2 782 OR a 46,023 17,419 16,902 46,540 1.1 1,770 UT 9,800 5,036 4,505 10,331 5.4 667 WA b 154,466 68,401 63,748 159,119 3.0 3,551 WY 4,115 2,376 2,014 4,477 8.8 1,223
Note: Because of incomplete data, the population for some jurisdictions on December 31, 2001,
does not equal the population on January 1, 2001 plus entries, minus exits.
-- Not calculated.
a All data were estimated.
b Data for entries and exits were estimated for nonreporting agencies. Counts include estimates for
misdemeanors based on annual admissions.
c Counts include private agency cases and may overstate the number under supervision.
At yearend 2001, 1 in 5 probationers were women; 1 in 3 were black
Nationwide, women represented a slightly larger percentage of the probation population in 2001 than in 1990. Women were 22% of adults on probation in 2001(870,000), up from 18% in 1990. At yearend 2001 about half of all probationers were white (2,175,600); a third were black (1,228,700); and an eighth were of Hispanic origin (469,800). Persons of other races comprised about 2% of probationers (58,600).
Half of all probationers convicted of a felony; a quarter convicted of a drug law violation
Probationers are criminal offenders who have been sentenced to a period of conditional supervision in the community. At yearend 2001, 53% had been convicted of a felony offense. More than half of those on probation (54%) had a direct sentence to probation; 25% had received a sentence to incarceration that had been suspended; and 9% had received a split sentence that included incarceration followed by probation. An additional 10% had entered probation before completion of all court proceedings (including those who entered probation before final verdict). Approximately 3 of every 4 probationers were under active supervision and were required to regularly report to a probation authority in person, by mail, or by telephone. The percent of probationers required to report regularly has dropped steadily, from 83% in 1990 to 79% in 1995 and to 74% in 2001. At yearend 2001 at least 1 in 10 probationers had absconded - though still on probation, they had failed to report and could not be located. Among all persons on probation, absconders have increased from 6% in 1990 to 10% in 2001. In 2001, 25% of probationers had a drug law violation; 18% were sentenced for driving while intoxicated or under the influence of alcohol; 7% for minor traffic offenses; and 7% for domestic violence. More than 3 out of 5 of the nearly 2 million adults discharged from probation in 2001 had successfully met the conditions of their supervision. Approximately 13% of those discharged from probation supervision were incarcerated because of a rule violation or new offense. An additional 3% of those discharged had absconded, and 11 % had their probation sentence revoked without incarceration.
Table 4. Characteristics of adults on probation, 1990, 1995, and 2001
Characteristic 1990 1995 2001
Total 100% 100% 100%
Gender
Male 82% 79% 78%
Female 18 21 22
Race a
White 52% 53% 55%
Black 30 31 31
Hispanic 18 14 12
American Indian/
Alaska Native 1 1 1
Asian/Pacific Islander b -- -- 1
Status of supervision
Active 83% 79% 74%
Inactive 9 8 11
Absconded 6 9 10
Supervised out of State 2 2 2
Other ** 2 3
Adults entering probation
Without incarceration 87% 72% 76%
With incarceration 8 13 17
Other types 5 15 7
Adults leaving probation
Successful completions 69% 62% 62%
Returned to incarceration 14 21 13
With new sentence 3 5 3
With the same sentence 9 13 7
Unknown 2 3 4
Absconder c 7 ** 3
Other unsuccessful 2 ** 11
Death -- 1 1
Other 7 16 10
Type of offense of adults on probation d
Felony 48% 54% 53%
Misdemeanor 52 44 45
Other infractions 1 2 1
Most serious offense
Driving while intoxicated 21% 16% 18%
Drug law violations *** *** 25
Minor traffic offenses *** *** 7
Domestic violence *** *** 7
Other 79 84 43
Status of probation
Direct imposition 38% 48% 54%
Split sentence 6 15 9
Sentence suspended 41 26 25
Imposition suspended 14 6 10
Other 1 4 1
Note: For every characteristic there were persons of unknown status or type.
Detail may not sum to total because of rounding. **Not available.
-- Less than 0.5%.
a In 2001 race/Hispanic origin was collected as a single item. For comparison, percents
were recalculated for prior years.
b Includes Native Hawaiians.
c In 1995 absconder status was reported among "other."
d In 2001 type of offense was limited to three categories. Driving while intoxicated was
reported among the most serious offense. For comparison, percents were recalculated for
prior years.
Table 5. Adults on parole, 2001
KEY
A Region and jurisdiction
B Parole population, 1/1/01
C Entries 2001
D Exits 2001
E Parole population, 12/31/01
F Percent change, 2001
G Number on parole per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/01
A B C D E F G
US total 724,486 473,688 464,050 732,351 1.1% 350
Federal 76,069 28,066 25,586 78,013 2.6% 37
State 648,417 445,622 438,464 654,338 0.9 313
Northeast 159,653 69,416 66,081 162,986 2.1% 402
CT 1,868 1,986 1,728 2,126 13.8 83
ME 28 1 2 27 -3.6 3
MA 3,703 3,715 3,698 3,718 0.4 77
NH a,b 944 492 483 953 1.0 103
NJ 11,709 10,810 10,588 11,931 1.9 189
NY 57,858 25,644 26,783 56,719 -2.0 397
PA b 82,345 26,015 22,122 86,238 4.7 921
RI 331 439 395 375 13.3 47
VT 867 313 281 899 3.7 195
Midwest 103,331 86,909 85,412 104,828 1.4% 220
IL 30,196 33,685 33,724 30,157 -0.1 329
IN 4,917 5,734 5,312 5,339 8.6 118
IW b,c 2,763 3,019 2,706 3,076 11.3 140
KS 3,829 4,492 4,330 3,991 4.2 202
MI 15,753 9,998 9,250 16,501 4.7 225
MN 3,072 3,515 3,431 3,156 2.7 87
MO 12,563 8,479 8,178 12,864 2.4 309
NE 476 699 645 530 11.3 42
ND 110 240 234 116 5.5 24
OH 18,248 10,567 10,930 17,885 -2.0 211
SD a 1,481 937 886 1,532 3.4 277
WI 9,923 5,544 5,786 9,681 -2.4 242
South 226,543 102,933 103,661 224,620 -0.8% 301
AL 5,484 2,403 2,224 5,663 3.3 170
AR 8,659 7,928 6,286 10,301 19.0 517
DE 579 123 172 530 -8.5 90
DC 5,332 2,272 3,151 4,453 -- 974
FL 5,982 4,674 4,456 5,891 -1.5 48
GA 21,556 9,975 10,223 20,809 -3.5 346
KY 5,202 2,896 1,692 6,406 23.1 210
LA 22,860 13,814 13,344 23,330 2.1 718
MD 13,666 7,871 8,122 13,415 -1.8 340
MS c 1,596 841 649 1,788 12.0 86
NC 3,352 3,684 4,082 2,954 -11.9 49
OK a 1,825 2,314 733 3,406 86.6 133
SC 4,378 1,132 1,410 4,100 -6.3 137
TN 8,093 3,765 3,397 8,074 -0.2 188
TX a 111,719 35,289 39,320 107,688 -3.6 720
VA 5,148 3,457 3,732 4,873 -5.3 91
WV 1,112 495 668 939 -15.6 67
West 158,890 186,364 183,310 161,904 1.9% 351
AK 525 311 314 522 -0.6 120
AZ c 3,474 6,737 6,675 3,536 1.8 94
CA c 117,647 156,267 156,132 117,904 0.2 479
CO 5,500 4,605 4,372 5,733 4.2 179
HI 2,504 1,028 924 2,608 4.2 285
ID 1,409 1,145 868 1,686 19.7 182
MT c 621 582 493 710 14.3 106
NV 4,056 2,957 2,494 4,519 11.4 304
NM 1,670 1,744 1,510 1,742 4.3 133
OR 17,579 8,046 6,864 18,761 6.7 729
UT 3,231 2,574 2,334 3,471 7.4 229
WA a 160 13 18 155 -3.1 4
WY 514 355 312 557 8.4 153
Note: Because of incomplete data, the population on December 31, 2001, does not equal
the population on January 1, 2001, plus entries, minus exits.
-- Not calculated.
a All data were estimated.
b Data for entries and exits were estimated for nonreporting agencies.
c Data do not include parolees in one or more of the following categories: absconder,
out of State, or inactive.
Parole population up by fewer than 8,000 during 2001
Also serving time in the community at the end of 2001 were 732,351 adults on parole (table 5). Parole is a period of conditional supervised release following a prison term. Prisoners may be released to parole either by a parole board decision or by mandatory conditional release. The 1.1 % growth in parole during 2001 - a net increase of 7,865 parolees - was slightly smaller than the average annual increase of 1.3% in parole since 1995 (table 6). Nearly all parolees had been convicted of a felony (95%). 11 States had double-digit increases in their parole populations; 2 had similar decreases For the year ending December 31, 2001, 11 States reported an increase of 10% or more in their parole population. Oklahoma led with 87%, followed by three other States with increases of 19% or higher: Kentucky (23%), Idaho (20%), and Arkansas (19%). A total of 17 States reported a decrease in their adult parole population during 2001. Two States reported double-digit decreases, led by West Virginia (down 16%) and North Carolina (down 12%).
Table 6. Change in the number of adults on parole, 1995-2001
Annual increase . Year Number % change 1995 -10,950 -1.6% 1996 312 0.0 1997 15,054 2.2 1998 1,598 0.2 1999 18,072 2.6 2000 10,029 1.4 2001 7,865 1.1 Total increase, 1995-2001 52,930 7.8% Average annual increase, 1995-2001 8,822 1.3%
Women accounted for more than 1 of every 8 adults on parole in 2001
About 1 of every 8 adults on parole in 2001 (90,700) were women (table 7). Women represented a larger percentage of the parole population (12%) in 2001 than in 1990 when they were 8%. More than 2 out of 5 adults on parole on December 31, 2001, (299,400) were black; more than 1 in 3 were white (285,500). Nineteen percent of parolees were Hispanic (136,500). About 2% were of other races (9,800).
Since 1990 discretionary releases to parole have dropped, while mandatory releases have risen
Discretionary releases of prisoners to parole supervision by a parole board have decreased from 59% of adults entering parole in 1990 to 36%, or 161,100, in 2001. Mandatory releases to parole supervision increased from 41 % in 1990 to 55% (248,000) in 2001. At yearend 2001 more than 4 of every 5 parolees were under active supervision and were required to maintain regular contact with the paroling agency. About 7% of parolees were absconders and could not be located.
40% of parolees discharged from supervision were incarcerated
Of the more than 464,500 parolees discharged from supervision in 2001, 46% had successfully met the conditions of their supervision, while 40% had been returned to incarceration either because of a rule violation or new offense. An additional 9% had absconded and 2% had failed to successfully meet the conditions of supervision but were discharged without incarceration. The success rate among those discharged from parole dropped from 50% in 1990 to 46%; however, the percent incarcerated also dropped (from 46% to 40%). These declines were offset by increases in absconders (from 1 % to 9%).
Correctional supervision rate highest in Texas and lowest in New Hampshire
Texas led the Nation at yearend 2001 with 4,818 adults under correctional supervision per 100,000 adult State residents, followed by Idaho (4,786) and Delaware (4,545) (table 8). New Hampshire (924 per 100,000), West Virginia (940), and North Dakota (1,008) had the fewest adults on probation or parole or in prison or jail relative to their State populations. Offenders on probation or parole represented nearly 71 % of all persons under correctional supervision at yearend. The 10 States with the highest rates of correctional supervision were also the 10 States with the highest rates of probation supervision.
10 States with the Highest Correctional Supervision Rate
Probation supervision, yearend 2001. Rate* Rank TX 2,873 6 ID 3,747 1 DE 3,321 3 WA 3,551 2 MN 3,081 4 MI 2,385 8 RI 3,049 5 IN 2,481 7 FL 2,304 9 OH 2,302 10 * Number under probation supervision per 100,000 adult State residents.
Except for Texas, with 27% of its correctional population in prison or jail, States with the highest correctional supervision rate had an appreciably lower percentage of their correctional populations incarcerated. Minnesota with the 3,474 persons under supervision per 100,000 adult residents had the lowest percent incarcerated (8.9% of all persons under supervision).
Table 7. Characteristics of adults on parole, 1990, 1995, and 2001
Characteristic 1990 1995 2001
Total 100% 100% 100%
Gender
Male 92% 90% 88%
Female 8 10 12
Race a
White 36% 34% 39%
Black 46 45 41
Hispanic 18 21 19
American Indian/
Alaska Native 1 1 1
Asian/Pacific Islander* -- -- 1
Status of supervision
Active 82% 78% 84%
Inactive 6 11 4
Absconded 6 6 7
Supervised out of State 6 4 5
Other ** -- --
Sentence length
Less than 1 year 5% 6% 5%
1 year or more 95 94 95
Adults entering parole
Discretionary parole 59% 50% 36%
Mandatory parole 41 45 55
Reinstatement ** 4 7
Other ** 2 2
Adults leaving parole
Successful completion 50% 45% 46%
Returned to
incarceration 46 41 40
With new sentence 17 12 9
Other 29 29 30
Absconder b 1 ** 9
Other unsuccessful 1 ** 2
Transferred 1 2 1
Death 1 1 1
Other ** 10 1
Note: For every characteristic there were persons of unknown status or type.
Detail may not sum to total because of rounding. **Not available.
-- Less than 0.5%.
a In 2001 race/Hispanic origin was collected as a single item.
For comparison, percents were estimated for prior years.
b In 1995 absconder status was reported among "other."
Other States with a low percentage incarcerated included Vermont and Rhode Island (with 12%) and Washington State (with 15%). Mississippi with 60% of its correctional population incarcerated had the highest percentage among States, followed by Virginia (55%) and Nevada (51 %).
Table 8. Total under adult correctional supervision and number supervised per 100,000 adult residents, by jurisdiction, yearend 2001
KEY
A Region and jurisdiction
B Total under correctional supervision, 12/31/01
C Number on probation or parole a
D Number in prison or jail
E Supervision rate per 100,000 adults b
F Percent of correctional population incarcerated
A B C D E F .
US total 6,594,000 4,631,800 1,962,200 3,101 29.8%
Federal 259,400 109,600 149,900 122 57.8%
State 6,334,600 4,522,200 1,812,400 2,979 28.6
Northeast 1,022,100 757,800 262,900 2,503 25.8%
CT 69,500 52,000 17,500 2,688 25.2
ME 11,800 9,000 2,800 1,197 24.1
MA 70,500 47,800 22,700 1,444 32.2
NH 8,800 4,600 4,200 924 47.5
NJ 187,400 144,800 42,600 2,927 22.7
NY 355,400 253,600 101,800 2,481 28.6
PA 278,700 212,200 66,500 2,975 23.9
RI 27,200 23,800 3,400 3,344 12.4
VT 11,600 10,200 1,400 2,482 12.1
Midwest 1,354,600 1,014,200 340,300 2,819 25.1%
IL 234,300 171,700 62,700 2,536 26.7
IN 151,600 118,000 33,600 3,339 22.2
IA 34,700 23,900 10,800 1,586 31.2
KS 32,400 19,200 13,200 1,637 40.7
MI 256,900 192,100 64,800 3,473 25.2
MN 128,100 116,800 11,400 3,474 8.9
MO 104,100 68,600 35,400 2,476 34.1
NE 27,400 21,400 6,000 2,169 22.0
ND 4,800 3,000 1,700 1,008 36.7
OH 272,000 208,900 63,100 3,205 23.2
SD 9,900 6,000 3,900 1,791 39.6
WI 98,200 64,600 33,600 2,434 34.2
South 2,625,200 1,823,300 801,800 3,438 30.5%
AL 81,500 45,200 36,300 2,438 44.6
AR 52,800 36,300 16,400 2,622 31.2
DE 27,400 20,500 6,800 4,545 25.0
DC 17,700 14,900 2,700 3,863 15.5
FL 424,500 297,400 127,000 3,319 29.9
GA 459,200 378,800 80,400 -- --
KY 50,700 28,300 22,300 1,650 44.1
LA 104,400 59,100 45,400 3,218 43.4
MD 129,300 94,100 35,200 3,214 27.2
MS 41,000 16,400 24,600 1,969 60.0
NC 160,100 113,600 46,500 2,569 29.0
OK 61,500 33,700 27,800 2,394 45.2
SC 77,500 46,500 31,000 2,535 40.0
TN 86,200 48,100 37,000 1,959 43.5
TX 755,100 540,400 203,800 4,818 27.4
VA 95,300 42,800 52,500 1,746 55.1
WV 13,200 7,100 6,000 940 45.9
West 1,334,100 926,800 407,300 2,809 30.5%
AK 9,800 5,400 4,400 2,210 45.3
AZ 105,400 66,600 38,800 2,671 36.8
CA 704,900 468,700 236,300 2,790 33.5
CO 84,400 57,700 26,600 2,539 31.6
HI 23,300 18,200 5,100 2,505 22.0
ID 45,600 37,300 8,200 4,786 18.0
MT 11,400 7,000 4,400 1,684 38.7
NV 30,200 14,900 15,300 1,891 50.7
NM 23,000 12,100 11,000 1,744 47.6
OR 82,300 64,600 17,600 3,127 21.4
UT 21,700 12,000 9,600 1,400 44.5
WA 184,500 157,200 27,300 4,118 14.8
WY 7,600 5,000 2,600 2,074 33.6
Note: Counts are for December 31, 2001, except for jail counts which were for June 29.
Jail counts by State were estimated based on the Census of Jails, 1999, and the
Annual Survey of Jails, 2000 and 2001. Because some offenders under supervision
may have multiple statuses, counts were rounded to the nearest 100.
--Not calculated.
a Excludes by State and region 23,355 probationers in jail and 9,962 probationers in prison.
b Based on the estimated number of adult State residents on July 1, 2001, using the 2000 Census
of Population and Housing and adjusting for population change since April 2000.
Methodology
The Annual Probation and Parole Surveys provide a count of the total number of persons supervised in the community on January 1 and December 31, 2001, and a count of the number entering and leaving supervision during the year. These surveys cover all 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the Federal system. Data for the Federal system are from the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts as provided to the BJS Federal Justice Statistics Program. Because many States update their population counts, the January 1, 2001, numbers may differ from those previously published for December 31, 2000.
Probation
The 2001 Annual Probation Survey was sent to 477 respondents -36 central State reporters and 441 separate State, county or court agencies. States with multiple reporters were Alabama (3), Arizona (2), Colorado (9), Florida (44), Georgia (5), Idaho (2), Kentucky (3), Michigan (132), Missouri (2), New Mexico (2), Ohio (190), Oklahoma (3), Tennessee (3), Washington (35), and West Virginia (2). Since 1997 the survey coverage has been expanded to include 186 additional agencies previously excluded from the survey. At yearend 2001, 176,005 probationers were under the supervision of these agencies. For year-to-year comparisons, use total counts based on the same reporting agencies - 3,266,837 in 1997 to compare with the final 1996 counts; 3,417,613 in 1998 to compare with final 1997; and 3,773,624 in 1999 to compare with final 1998.
Parole
The 2001 Annual Parole Survey was sent to 54 respondents, including 52 central reporters, the California Youth Authority, and 1 municipal agency. States with multiple reporters were Alabama (2) and California (2). Federal parole as defined here includes supervised release, parole, military parole, special parole, and mandatory release.
The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Lawrence A. Greenfeld is the director. BJS Bulletins present the first release of findings from permanent data collection programs such as the Annual Probation and Parole Surveys. Lauren E. Glaze wrote this report while under the supervision of Allen J. Beck. Jennifer C. Karberg provided statistical verification. Data collection and processing were conducted by Lauren Glaze with assistance from Lara E. Reynolds. Tom Hester edited the report. Jayne Robinson administered final production. August 2002, NCJ 195669
- This report in portable document format and in ASCII, its tables, and related statistical data are available at the BJS World Wide Web Internet site: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Washington, DC 20531
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