Births:
Preliminary Data for 2002
CDC/ National Vital Statistics Report v.51, n.11, 25jun03
[Complete Report at CDC website 1.2 MB PDF file]
by Brady E. Hamilton, Ph.D.; Joyce A. Martin, M.P.H.; and Paul D. Sutton, Ph.D., Division of Vital Statistics
Abstract ObjectivesThis report presents preliminary data for 2002 on births in the United States. U.S. data on births are shown by age, race, and Hispanic origin of mother. Data on marital status, prenatal care, cesarean delivery, preterm births, and low birthweight are also presented.
MethodsData in this report are based on nearly 98 percent of births for 2002. The records are weighted to independent control counts of all births received in State vital statistics offices in 2002. Comparisons are made with 2001 final data.
ResultsThe crude birth rate was 13.9 per 1,000 population in 2002, a decrease of 1 percent from 2001 (14.1). This is the lowest birth rate reported for the United States since national data have been available. The fertility rate was also down 1 percent in 2002 to 64.8 births per 1,000 women aged 1544 years. Since 1990, this rate has declined 9 percent. The birth rate for teenagers continued to decline in 2002, dropping 5 percent to 42.9 births per 1,000 women aged 1519 years. The teenage birth rate has dropped 28 percent since 1990. The rate for younger teenagers 1517 years fell 6 percent from 24.7 per 1,000 in 2001 to 23.2 in 2002. The rate for older teenagers 1819 years declined 4 percent from 76.1 per 1,000 in 2001 to 72.7 in 2002. Since 1990, the rate for teenagers 1517 years has fallen 38 percent and the rate for teenagers 1819 years, 18 percent. The birth rate for women aged 2024 years declined by 3 percent to 103.5 per 1,000 in 2002 compared with 2001, whereas the rate for women aged 2529 years was essentially unchanged (113.6). The birth rate for women aged 3034 years decreased slightly from 91.9 per 1,000 in 2001 to 91.6 in 2002. Birth rates for women aged 3539 years and 4044 years continued to rise, increasing 2 percent for both. Childbearing among women over 45 years of age was unchanged. The birth rate for unmarried women was down slightly in 2002 to 43.6 births per 1,000 unmarried women aged 1544 years. The number of births to unmarried women increased by 1 percent in 2002; however births to unmarried teenagers declined by 4 percent. Prenatal care utilization continued to slowly but steadily improve; 83.8 percent of women began prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy in 2002 compared with 83.4 in 2001. More than one fourth of all births (26.1 percent) were cesarean deliveries in 2002, the highest rate ever reported in the United States; the primary cesarean rate jumped 7 percent to 18 percent and the rate of vaginal births after previous cesarean delivery plummeted 23 percent to 12.7 percent (figure 1). Preterm (12.0 percent) and low birthweight (7.8 percent) rates were up slightly for 2002. The low birthweight rate is the highest reported in more than three decades.
Keywords: births c vital statistics
Introduction
Figure 1. Total and primary cesarean rate 1 Per 100
births |
This report presents preliminary data on births based on a substantial proportion of vital records occurring in 2002. For data years 199598, reports in the preliminary series included data for both births and deaths. Beginning with data year 1999, birth and death data are published separately. The preliminary report series includes detailed tabulations from the preliminary natality file. For most measures, trends shown in the preliminary reports for 19952001 births were confirmed by the final statistics for each year (15).
Sources and Methods
The preliminary data in this series are based on records of births that occurred during 2002 and were received and had undergone quality control by the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions National Center for Health Statistics as of March 7, 2003. This represents nearly 98 percent of the births that occurred in the United States during this 12-month period.
To produce the preliminary estimates shown in this report, records in the file were weighted using independent control counts of all 2002 births by State of occurrence. Preliminary estimates are subject to sampling variation as well as random variation.
In addition to national and State estimates of total births and birth and fertility rates, this report includes preliminary statistics on births by maternal age, marital status, race, Hispanic origin, live-birth order, and selected maternal and infant health characteristics, including receipt of prenatal care, cesarean delivery, preterm birth, and low birthweight.
Race and Hispanic origin are reported as separate items on the birth certificate. Therefore, births shown by race may be of Hispanic or non-Hispanic origin, and births of Hispanic origin may be of any race. All tabulations in this report show data separately for the non-Hispanic white population as well as for the white population as a whole. Although the overwhelming majority of Hispanic-origin births (approximately 98 percent in 2001) are to white women, there are notable differences in childbearing patterns between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. About one in four white births are to Hispanic women. For this preliminary report, data are not shown separately for non-Hispanic black persons because the great majority (more than 97 percent in 2001) of black births are to non-Hispanic persons and, thus, the difference in the statistics for the two groups is minimal. The reports, Births: Final Data for 2001 and Revised Birth and Fertility Rates for the United States, 2000 and 2001, show data for these groups separately (1,6).
State-specific preliminary data are shown only for those States and areas for which at least 75 percent of the records for 2002 were receivedandhadundergonequalitycontrolbyMarch7,2003(i.e.,were processed). (See Technical Notes.) All States met this requirement for 2002. The proportion of records processed is shown by State in table I in the Technical Notes.
Preliminary data for 2002 are not available for American Samoa and the Northern Marianas; final data for 2001 for these territories are available and shown in the State-specific tables. Data for territories are shown separately but are not included in the data for the United States, which includes information for the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Detailed information on the nature, sources, and qualifications of the preliminary data is given in the "Technical Notes."
The population estimates which were produced under a collaborative arrangement with the U.S. Census Bureau and based on the 2000 census counts by age, race, and sex, have been modified to be consistent with the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) racial categories as of 1977 (see Technical Notes). This was necessary because birth certificates currently collect only one race for each parent in the same categories as specified in the 1977 OMB guidelines. The population data collected in the 2000 census, according to the revised guidelines issued in 1997 by OMB, included an option for individuals to report more than one race as appropriate for themselves and household members (as well as reporting Asian persons separately from Native Hawaiians or Other Pacific Islanders) and, thus, were incompatible with the birth certificate data.
Population denominators used for calculating the rates in this report for 20002002 are estimates based on the 2000 census. Population estimates for 2002 for the United States by race and Hispanic origin and population estimates for 2001 and 2002 for the territories were not available at the time this report was prepared, and therefore race-specific rates could not be calculated. The Internet release of this report will be updated to include these rates when these population estimates become available. Birth and fertility rates by race and His-panic origin and for the territories will be reported in Births: Final Data for 2002.
Results
Trends in numbers and rates
The preliminary number of births in the United States was 4,019,280 in 2002, less than 1 percent lower than the final number for 2001 (4,025,933) (tables A and 1). The number of births to non-Hispanic white and black women decreased 1 and 3 percent, respectively. In contrast, the number of births increased 1 percent for American Indian women and 5 percent for Asian or Pacific Islander women. The number of births to Hispanic women increased 2 per-cent. The crude birth rate was 13.9 births per 1,000 people in 2002, compared with 14.1 in 2001, a decline of 1 percent (6). This is the lowest birth rate reported for the United States since national data have been available. The crude rate has generally trended downward over the past decade, declining 17 percent since 1990. The general fertility rate relates births to the number of women in their child-bearing ages, 1544 years, and is thus more indicative of changes in fertility behavior than is the crude birth rate. The fertility rate was 64.8 in 2002, 1 percent lower than the rate for 2001 (65.3) (6). Like the crude birth rate, the fertility rate has also generally trended downward over the past decade, declining 9 percent since 1990. (See tables 14 for number of births, birth rates, and fertility rates.)
Crude birth rates between 2001 and 2002 decreased in 27 States and the District of Columbia, increased in 14 States, and were unchanged in 9 States. Fertility rates declined in 25 States and the District of Columbia, with significant drops noted for Ohio, South Carolina, Alabama, Indiana, Illinois, Georgia, Michigan, Florida, and California. Fertility rates increased in the other 25 States, however, these increases were significant only for Wyoming, West Virginia, Colorado, and New York. Fertility rates vary considerably from State to State. In 2002 fertility rates ranged from a high of 90.6 births per 1,000 women aged 1544 years in Utah, to a low of 48.9 in Vermont. Indiana and Wyoming, with rates of 64.4 and 63.6, respectively, were the most similar to the national rate of 64.8.
The birth rate for teenagers declined in 2002 to 42.9 births per 1,000 women aged 1519 years, 5 percent lower than in 2001 (45.3) and 10 percent below the 2000 rate (47.7) (tables B, 1, and figure 2) (6). The teenage birth rate dropped 28 percent between 1990 and 2002 according to preliminary data. The birth rate for the youngest teenage group, 1014 years, also declined in 2002, to 0.7 births per 1,000 females, compared with 0.8 in 2001 and 0.9 in 2000. The number of births to females aged 1014 years declined 6 percent from 2001 to 2002, to 7,318, the fewest reported in more than 40 years (6,780 in 1960). Birth rates for teenagers 1517 and 1819 years continued their steady decline. The rate for ages 1517 years was 23.2 per 1,000 in 2002, down 6 percent from 2001 (24.7) and 14 percent from 2000 (26.9). The rate for older teenagers 1819 years in 2002 was 72.7 per 1,000, 4 percent lower than in 2001 (76.1) and 7 percent lower than in 2000 (78.1). Between 1990 and 2002, the rate for teenagers 1517 years fell 38 percent, and the rate for teenagers 1819 years declined 18 percent. Teenage birth rates traditionally differ considerably by race and Hispanic origin (table B). Rates for 2002 will be published when the necessary population denominators become available; see Sources and Methods and Technical Notes.
Birth rates for women in their twenties, the ages at which rates are historically the highest, were 103.5 per 1,000 for women aged 2024 years and 113.6 for women aged 2529 years in 2002 (table 1). The rate for women aged 2024 years decreased 3 percent from 106.2 in 2001; the rate for women aged 2529 years (113.6), however, was essentially unchanged in 2002.
The birth rate for women aged 3034 years decreased slightly, from 91.9 births per 1,000 women in 2001 to 91.6 in 2002. The birth rates for women aged 3539 and 4044 years continued to increase in 2002. The rate rose 2 percent for women aged 3539 years (from 40.6 to 41.4 per 1,000). The birth rate for women aged 4044 years also increased 2 percent from 8.1 in 2001 to 8.3 in 2002. The rate for women aged 4554 years remained at 0.5.
Reflecting in large part the continued decline in teenage birth rates, the proportion of all births to women under 20 years of age declined 5 percent, from 11.3 to 10.7 between 2001 and 2002 (table 1).
The decline observed in the first birth rates for women under 25 years of age from 2000 to 2001 continued in 2002, dropping 13 percent for mothers aged 1014 years, 5 percent for those aged 1519 years, and 2 percent for women aged 2024 years. Reversing the previous years decline, the rate for women aged 2529 years increased in 2002 to 40.7. The first birth rate for women aged 3034 years, which increased from 2000 to 2001, remained stable at 26.6 from 2001 to 2002. However, the rates for women aged 3539 years continued to increase, as did the rate for women aged 4044 years by 2 and 6 percent, respectively. The rate for women aged 4549 years was unchanged. Overall, the first birth rate for women aged 1544 years decreased 1 percent between 2001 and 2002, from 26.0 to 25.8 first births per 1,000 women (table 3).
The total fertility rate (TFR) for 2002 was 2,012.5, 1 percent lower than in 2001 (2,034.0) (tabular data not shown). The TFR summarizes the potential impact of current fertility patterns on completed family size. The TFR estimates the number of births that a hypothetical group of 1,000 women would have if they experienced throughout their childbearing years the age-specific birth rates observed in a given year. The decline in 2002 marks the third consecutive drop in the rate. The rate has fallen 3 percent since 1990.
The number of births to unmarried women increased about 1 percent in 2002, to a preliminary total of 1,358,768, compared with 1,349,249 in 2001. The increase from 2001 to 2002 is due entirely to the growth in the population of unmarried women of reproductive age (7). The birth rate for unmarried women was 43.6 per 1,000 unmarried women aged 1544 years in 2002, down slightly from 2001, 43.8 (6).
The proportion of births to unmarried women increased in 2002 to 33.8 percent, compared with 33.5 percent in 2001. The pro-portion has changed relatively little since 1994, ranging from 32.2 to 33.8 percent. Between 2001 and 2002, the proportions increased for non-Hispanic white births, from 22.5 to 22.9 percent, and for Hispanic births, from 42.5 to 43.4 percent. The proportion declined for black births, from 68.4 to 68.0 percent (tables A and 5).
Births to unmarried teenagers declined in 2002 for the fourth consecutive year. The number of births to unmarried women under age 20 years fell 4 percent between 2001 and 2002; births to teenagers under age 15 years dropped 5 percent (table C). In spite of these continued reductions in the number of births to unmarried teenagers, the proportions of nonmarital births among teenagers increased slightly in 2002. The proportions continued to increase because total births to teenagers declined even more than births to unmarried teenagers (see table 1). Birth rates for unmarried teenagers are not yet available; see Technical Notes.
State-specific proportions of births to unmarried women are shown in table 5. Changes between 2001 and 2002 were generally small. Between 2001 and 2002, the proportion increased in 41 States, declined in 8 States and the District of Columbia, and was unchanged in 1 State.
The percent low birthweight (LBW) (infants born at less than 2,500 grams) increased to 7.8 for 2002 from 7.7 for 2001, the highest level in more than three decades (7.9 percent in 1970). The rate of LBW declined in the 1970s and early 1980s, but has been on the rise since the mid-1980s (6.7 percent in 1984). (See tables A and 6 for 2001 and 2002 data.) This upward trend is strongly influenced by the climb in the multiple birth rate (twins and higher order multiples tend to be born earlier and smaller than singletons)(1).Thepercentofinfantsborn very low birthweight (VLBW) (infants born at less than 1,500 grams) was essentially unchanged from the previous year at 1.45 percent and has been quite stable since 1998. VLBW levels in the 1970s and early 1980s were under 1.2 percent.
Between 2001 and 2002, LBW among births to non-Hispanic white women increased from 6.8 to 6.9 percent; this rate is up 23 per-cent since 1990 (from 5.6 percent). Much of the rise in non-Hispanic white LBW can be explained by the dramatic upswing in multiple birthstwins and other higher order multiple births are much more likely than singletons to weigh less than 2,500 grams at birth (8). LBW incidence was also up for births to black mothers for 2002, rising to 13.3 percent compared with 13.0 percent for 2001. LBW had declined modestly among black infants during the early 1990s (from 13.6 per-cent), but was stable for 19952001. Among births to Hispanic women, the LBW rate was unchanged for the current year at 6.5 percent.
The rate of preterm birth, that is, infants born at less than 37 completed weeks of gestation, increased very slightly for 2002 to 12.0 percent, from 11.9 for 2001 (table A). The preterm birth rate, also influenced by the rise in the rate of multiple births, has risen 28 percent since 1981 (9.4 percent) (1). Between 2001 and 2002, the preterm birth rate rose from 10.8 to 11.0 percent for births to non-Hispanic white women and from 11.4 to 11.6 percent for births to Hispanic women; the preterm rate for births to black women was stable at 17.5 percent. Most of the overall increase in preterm rates can be attributed to the steady increase in shorter gestation births among non-Hispanic white women, up 31 percent, since 1989 (from 8.4 percent). Despite this rise, rates for non-Hispanic white births remain lower than those for black or Hispanic births.
More than one-fourth of all births were delivered in a cesarean delivery in 2002, the highest level ever reported in the United States 1,9). The total cesarean rate rose to 26.1 percent for 2002, an increase of 7 percent over 2001 (24.4) (table A). The rate of cesarean delivery declined during the late 1980s through the mid-1990s, but has climbed 26 percent since 1996 (20.7 percent) (figure 1). The rise in the overall cesarean rate for recent years reflects both the sizable increase in the primary cesarean rate, and the very steep drop in the rate of vaginal births after previous cesareans.
The primary cesarean rate (births to women with no previous cesarean) increased 7 percent from the previous year to 18.0 percent for 2002, also the highest level ever reported for the country. The primary cesarean rate has risen 23 percent from the low of 14.6 percent reported for 199697.
The rate of vaginal births after previous cesarean (VBAC) delivery tumbled again for the current year, dropping 23 percent between 20012002, from 16.4 to 12.7 percent per 100 women with a previous cesarean delivery. This follows a fall of 20 percent for 20002001. The VBAC rate rose 50 percent between 1989 and 1996, but has plummeted 55 percent from the 1996 high (28.3 percent).
Preliminary data indicate that the total cesarean delivery rate increased for each State and the District of Columbia for 2002 (table 7). For the Nation as a whole, total cesarean rates increased 7 percent among non-Hispanic white (26.2 percent for 2002), black (27.6 percent) and Hispanic women (25.2 percent) for 20012002. Increases in the total cesarean rate of about 25 percent are observed for each group for the period 19962002.
Women were slightly more likely to begin prenatal care in their first trimester of pregnancy in 2002; 83.8 percent received timely care compared with 83.4 percent in 2001. Timely prenatal care has risen 11 percent since 1990 (75.8 percent) (1). The percent of women with late (care beginning in the third trimester of pregnancy) or no care was 3.6 percent for 2002, compared with 3.7 percent for 2001, and 6.1 percent for 1990. (See tables A and 8 for 2001 and 2002 data.)
Prenatal care utilization improved for each of the three largest racial/ethnic groups for 20012002. Timely care increased slightly for non-Hispanic white women (from 88.5 to 88.7 percent between 2001 and 2002), whereas somewhat larger increases were observed for black (74.5 to 75.2 percent) and Hispanic mothers (75.7 to 76.8 per-cent). The percent of black and Hispanic mothers with late or no care also improved for 2002; since 1990 the proportion of black mothers with late or no care has dropped from 11.3 to 6.2 percent and for Hispanic mothers from 12.0 to 5.5 percent.
Tables
Table A. Total births and percent of births with selected demographic and health characteristics, by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, final 2001 and preliminary 2002
[Figures for 2002 are based on weighted data rounded to the nearest individual]
All races1 White, total2 White, non-Hispanic Black2 Hispanic3 Characteristic 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 Number Births 4,019,280 4,025,933 3,176,059 3,177,626 2,303,561 2,326,578 590,519 606,156 872,236 851,851 Percent Births to 33.8 33.5 28.4 27.7 22.9 22.5 68.0 68.4 43.4 42.5 unmarried mothers Low birthweight4 7.8 7.7 6.8 6.7 6.9 6.8 13.3 13.0 6.5 6.5 Very low birthweight5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 3.1 3.0 1.2 1.1 Total cesarean 26.1 24.4 25.9 24.3 26.2 24.5 27.6 25.9 25.2 23.6 delivery rate6 Primary cesarean rate7 18.0 16.9 17.7 16.7 18.3 17.2 19.4 18.3 16.1 15.2 VBAC rate8 12.7 16.4 12.4 16.2 12.8 16.8 13.3 16.7 11.5 14.7 Prenatal care beginning 83.8 83.4 85.5 85.2 88.7 88.5 75.2 74.5 76.8 75.7 in first trimester Prenatal care beginning 3.6 3.7 3.1 3.2 2.2 2.2 6.2 6.5 5.5 5.9 in third trimester or no care Preterm9 12.0 11.9 11.1 11.0 11.0 10.8 17.5 17.5 11.6 11.4 1 Includes races other than white and black. 2 Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificate. Race categories are consistent with the 1977 Office of Management and Budget guidelines. Data for persons of Hispanic origin are included in the data for each race group according to the mother's reported race; see Technical Notes. 3 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race; see Technical Notes. 4 Birthweight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 oz). 5 Birthweight of less than 1,500 grams (3 lb 4 oz). 6 Total births by cesarean as percent of all births. 7 Number of primary cesareans per 100 live births to women who have not had a previous cesarean. 8 Number of vaginal births after previous cesarean delivery per 100 live births to women with a previous cesarean delivery. 9 Percent of births less than 37 completed weeks of gestation.
Table B. Birth rates for women aged 1519 years, by age, race, and Hispanic origin: United States, final 1990, 2000, and 2001, and preliminary 2002, and percent change in rates, 19902002
[Rates per 1,000 women in specified group]
Age and race and Percent Hispanic origin change, of mother 2002 2001 2000 1990 19902002 1519 years All races1 42.9 45.3 47.7 59.9 28.4 White, total2 41.2 43.2 50.8 White, non-Hispanic 30.3 32.6 42.5 Black, total2 71.8 77.4 112.8 American Indian, total2 56.3 58.3 81.1 Asian or Pacific Islander, total2 19.8 20.5 26.4 Hispanic3 86.4 87.3 100.3 1517 years All races1 23.2 24.7 26.9 37.5 38.1 White, total2 21.4 23.3 29.5 White, non-Hispanic 14.0 15.8 23.2 Black, total2 43.9 49.0 82.3 American Indian, total2 31.4 34.1 48.5 Asian or Pacific Islander, total2 10.3 11.6 16.0 Hispanic3 52.8 55.5 65.9 1819 years All races1 72.7 76.1 78.1 88.6 17.9 White, total2 70.8 72.3 78.0 White, non-Hispanic 54.8 57.5 66.6 Black,total2 114.0 118.8 152.9 American Indian, total2 94.8 97.1 129.3 Asian or Pacific Islander, total2 32.8 32.6 40.2 Hispanic3 135.5 132.6 147.7 Population denominator data not available for 2002; see "Technical Notes." 1 Includes races other than white and black. 2 Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on the birth certificate. Race categories are consistent with the 1977 Office of Management and Budget guidelines. Data for persons of Hispanic origin are included in the data for each race group according to the mothers reported race; see "Technical Notes." 3 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race; see "Technical Notes."
Table C. Number and percent of births to unmarried women, all ages and women under 20 years: United States, final 2001 and preliminary 2002 [Figures for 2002 are based on weighted data rounded to the nearest individual]
Number Percent . Age of mother 2002 2001 2002 2001 All ages 1,358,768 1,349,249 33.8 33.5 Under 20 years 345,756 359,520 80.0 79.2 Under 15 years 7,087 7,494 96.8 96.3 1519 years 338,669 352,026 79.7 78.9 1517 years 122,202 127,638 88.4 87.8 1819 years 216,467 224,388 75.6 74.6
Figure 2. Birth rates for teenagers 1519 years, by age of mother: United States, 1990, 2000, 2001, and 2002
Note: Rates for 200 and 2001 have been revised and may differ from rates previously published.
Mindfully.org note: Detail tables not included. Please see the original document 1.2 Mb PDF file listed at end of this page.
References
1. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Park MM, Sutton PD. Births: Final data for 2001. National vital statistics reports; vol 51 no 2. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2002.
2. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Park MM. Births: Final data for 2000. National vital statistics reports; vol 50 no 5. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2002.
3. Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC, Menacker F, Hamilton BE. Births: Final data for 1999. National vital statistics reports; vol 49 no 1. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2001.
4. Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ, Park MM. Births: Final data for 1998. National vital statistics reports; vol 48 no 3. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2000.
5. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States, 1999, vol I, natality. Table 12. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2002. Available on the NCHS Web site at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs and included on the CD-ROM titled Vital statistics of the United States, vol I, Natality, 1999.
6. Ventura SJ, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD. Revised birth and fertility rates for the United States, 2000 and 2001. National vital statistics reports; vol 51 no 4. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2003.
7. U.S. Census Bureau. Fertility and Family Statistics Branch. Unpublished tabulation. 2002.
8. Martin JA, Park MM. Trends in twin and triplet births: 198097. National vital statistics reports; vol 47 no 24. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1999.
9. Clarke SC, Taffel S. Changes in cesarean delivery in the United States, 1988 and 1993. Birth 22: 637. 1995.
10. National Center for Health Statistics. Technical appendix. Vital statistics of the United States, 2001 (revised), vol I, natality. Available on the NCHS Web site at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs and included on the CD-ROM titled 2001 Natality Data Set CD-Rom, Series 21, no 15.
11. U.S. Census Bureau. Unpublished census file. State-age-sex-71-2002.xls. Estimate of the United States population by age, sex, and State: 2002. Washington: U.S. Census Bureau.
12. Ventura SJ. Births to unmarried mothers: United States, 198092. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 21(53). 1995.
13. Ventura SJ, Bachrach CA. Nonmarital childbearing in the United States, 194099. National vital statistics reports; vol 48 no 16. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2000.
source: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr51/nvsr51_11.pdf 28jun03
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