On April 24, 2002, researchers at the Swedish National Food Administration and Stockholm University reported finding the chemical acrylamide in a variety of fried and oven-baked foods. The initial Swedish research indicates that acrylamide formation is particularly associated with traditional high temperature cooking processes for certain carbohydrate-rich foods. In response to concerns about the potential risk of food-borne acrylamide based on known toxicity of acrylamide at much higher doses than those seen in foods, the FDA began to analyze a variety of U.S. food products for acrylamide. The data presented below are initial and partial results from an ongoing exploratory survey of foods for acrylamide. FDA's action plan and full research agenda are presented at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/pestadd.html#acrylamide. We are presenting this incomplete data set now to inform the public of FDA's progress and to help stimulate research into the formation of acrylamide in foods.
At a public meeting held on September 30, 2002, FDA discussed preliminary findings on acrylamide in a select group of food products to illustrate initial conclusions concerning variability that can be drawn from the early stages in the exploratory survey. Since the public meeting, FDA has continued to study acrylamide in a wide variety of foods, including breads, cereals, and snack foods in an effort to understand the occurrence of this chemical in the U.S. food supply. FDA will continue to investigate how acrylamide is formed in food, seek to identify ways to reduce acrylamide levels, and study the human health risk of consuming acrylamide in foods. FDA is collaborating with other federal public health agencies, international partners, academia, consumers, and the food-processing industry to coordinate efforts related to acrylamide in foods.
These data include the data that were the basis for the graphs presented at the September 30, 2002, public meeting as well as additional data collected through November 15, 2002.
These results indicate acrylamide levels in individual purchased food products.
These data are exploratory and should not be taken to indicate the distribution of acrylamide levels in U.S. foods, or as an indicator of food product choices by consumers.
In relation to the level of sampling that is needed to understand exposure and risk, the data cover a limited number of food categories, a limited number of products in those categories, and a limited number of brands.
The data generally do not address unit to unit variation or lot to lot variation.
Also, differences in acrylamide levels between foods or even between brands at this early point in the survey do not necessarily indicate differences in exposure or potential risk that would be experienced by consumers. When estimating exposure and potential risk it is important to consider the amount of the food consumed and the day to day variation in levels, in addition to the level of acrylamide measured at a particular time.
Notes:
(1) ND = nondetect
(2) The limit of quantitation (LOQ) is 10 ppb. Values below the LOQ but above 0 are reported as <10 ppb.
(3) Dried and/or powdered products (baking cocoa, dried potatoes, coffee, certain cereals, powdered formulas, and gravy and seasoning mixes) were tested as purchased.
(4) Baked products were baked according to the manufacturers' directions. Toasted products were not cooked in a standardized fashion. Fried products (tortillas) were fried for 1 minute at 155 °C. Some products are intended to be eaten without further cooking (e.g., bread); other products, although precooked by the manufacturer, are intended to be eaten only with further cooking (e.g., chicken pieces and frozen french fries). The graphs presented at the September 30, 2002, public meeting on acrylamide levels in food contain values for products as commonly eaten only, not both uncooked and cooked values.
Table 1: Acrylamide values in food product samples Product Acrylamide (ppb)
Baby food Beech Nut Stage 2 Apples & Cherries ND Gerber 2nd Foods Apples & Cherries ND Beech Nut Stage 2 Butternut Squash 22 Gerber 2nd Foods Squash ND Beech Nut Stage 2 Carrots & Peas 17 Gerber 2nd Foods Carrots & Sweet Peas 39 Beech Nut Stage 1 Oatmeal Cereal for Baby ND Carnation Baby Cereal with Formula Oatmeal ND Gerber Single Grain Oatmeal Cereal for Baby ND Beech Nut Rice Cereal for Baby <10 Carnation Baby Cereal with Formula Rice <10 Beech Nut Stage 2 Tender Golden Sweet Potatoes 37 Gerber Tender Harvest Organic Sweet Potatoes (lot 1) 62 Gerber Tender Harvest Organic Sweet Potatoes (lot 2) 121 Gerber 2nd Foods Sweet Potatoes 68 Beech Nut Stage 2 Vegetables & Chicken 75 Gerber 2nd Foods Vegetable Chicken Dinner 30 Gerber 2nd Foods Green Beans 26 Gerber Finger Foods Biter Biscuits 130 Gerber Finger Foods Fruit Wagon Wheels 20 Gerber Graduates for Toddlers Animal Crackers 60 Gerber Mixed Cereal for Baby ND Nabisco Arrowroot Biscuit (baby food) 113 Nabisco Zwieback Toast (baby food) 20 * See Note Below French fries Arby's french fries 252 Burger King french fries, location 1 197 Burger King french fries, location 2 220 Burger King french fries, location 3 369 Checkers french fries, location 1 257 Checkers french fries, location 2 407 Chick-fil-A french fries 389 Fuddruckers french fries, location 1 452 Fuddruckers french fries, location 2 346 KFC french fries, location 1 313 KFC french fries, location 2 270 KFC french fries, location 3 162 KFC french fries, location 4 117 McDonald's french fries, location 1 193 McDonald's french fries, location 2 328 McDonald's french fries, location 3 155 McDonald's french fries, location 4 326 McDonald's french fries, location 5 245 McDonald's french fries, location 6 270 McDonald's french fries, location 7 497 Popeyes french fries, location 1 301 Popeyes french fries, location 2 484 Popeyes french fries, location 3 1030 Popeyes french fries, location 4 610 Wendy's french fries, location 1 302 Wendy's french fries, location 2 157 Wendy's french fries, location 3 254 Wendy's french fries, location 4 260 Wendy's french fries, location 5 169 McCain Crinkle Cut french fries (not baked) 49 McCain Crinkle Cut french fries (baked) 356 Ore Ida Golden Crinkles (not baked) 74 Ore Ida Golden Crinkles (baked) 441 Lamb Weston Inland Valley French Fries (not baked) 212 Lamb Weston Inland Valley French Fries (baked) 798 Ore Ida Golden Fries (not baked) 107 Ore Ida Golden Fries (baked) 1098 Richfood French Fried Potatoes (not baked) 21 Richfood French Fried Potatoes (baked) 438 Lamb Weston Inland Valley Fajita Fries (not baked) 200 Lamb Weston Inland Valley Fajita Fries (baked) 1325 Ore Ida Zesties! (not baked) 67 Ore Ida Zesties! (baked) 572 Linden Farms French Fries Shoestring Style (not baked) 70 Linden Farms French Fries Shoestring Style (baked) 1036 Ore Ida Fast Food Fries (not baked) 79 Ore Ida Fast Food Fries (baked) 332 Ore Ida Crispers! (not baked) 218 Ore Ida Crispers! (baked) 616 Ore Ida Golden Twirls (not baked) 20 Ore Ida Golden Twirls (baked) 119 Ore Ida Tater Tots (not baked) 199 Ore Ida Tater Tots (baked) 255 * See Note Below Potato chips Good Health Natural Foods Olive Oil Potato Chips Plain 385 Herr's Crisp 'N Tasty Potato Chips 468 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Oct. 15 249 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Oct. 29 318 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Nov. 5, bag 1 319 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Nov. 5, bag 2 398 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Nov. 5, bag 3 338 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Nov. 5, bag 4 337 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Nov. 12, bag 1 432 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Nov. 12, bag 2 462 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Nov. 12, bag 3 462 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Nov. 19, bag 1 280 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Nov. 19, bag 2 301 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Nov. 19, bag 3 283 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Nov. 19, bag 4 258 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Nov. 26, bag 1 257 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Nov. 26, bag 2 262 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Nov. 26, bag 3 275 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Nov. 26, bag 4 303 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Dec. 3, bag 1 343 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Dec. 3, bag 2 333 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Dec. 3, bag 3 291 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Dec. 3, bag 4 336 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Dec. 10, bag 1 425 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Dec. 10, bag 2 463 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Dec. 10, bag 3 490 Lay's Classic Potato Chips, code date Dec. 10, bag 4 549 Utz Crisp All Natural Potato Chips, lot 1 879 Utz Crisp All Natural Potato Chips, lot 2 433 Grandma Utz's Handcooked Potato Chips 146 Kettle Chips Lightly Salted Natural Gourmet Potato Chps 1265 Lay's Kettle Cooked Mesquite BBQ Flavored Potato Chips 198 Utz's Home Style Kettle-Cooked Potato Chips 117 Lay's WOW! Original potato chips 415 Ruffles WOW! Original potato chips 270 Ruffles Original potato chips 292 Wavy Lay's Original Potato Chips 198 Baked! Lay's Original Naturally Baked Potato Crisps 1096 Terra Sweet Potato Chips 767 Route 11 Sweet Potato Chips 2762 * See Note Below Infant formulas Carnation Good Start Milk-Based Infant Formula (liquid) ND Carnation Good Start Milk-Based Infant Formula (pwdrd) ND Enfamil Milk-Based Infant Formula with Iron (liquid) ND Enfamil Milk-Based Infant Formula with Iron (powdered) <10 Similac Infant Formula with Iron (liquid) ND Similac Infant Formula with Iron (powdered) <10 Carnation Alsoy Soy Infant Formula (liquid) ND Carnation Alsoy Soy Infant Formula (powdered) ND Enfamil ProSobee Soy Formula (liquid) ND Enfamil ProSobee Soy Formula (powdered) ND Isomil Infant & Toddler Soy Formula with Iron(powdered) ND Isomil Soy Formula with Iron (liquid) ND Protein foods Checkers Chicken Pieces 22 Tyson Crispy Chicken Strips (not baked) 32 Tyson Crispy Chicken Strips (baked) 35 Gorton's Tenders Extra Crunchy fish fillets (not baked) 25 Gorton's Tenders Extra Crunchy fish fillets (baked) 30 Mrs. Paul's Crispy Fish Fillets (not baked) 13 Mrs. Paul's Crispy Fish Fillets (baked) 12 Van de Kamp's Crunchy Fish Sticks (not baked) ND Van de Kamp's Crunchy Fish Sticks (baked) ND Pastene Fancy Light Tuna in Olive Oil ND Progresso Light Tuna in Olive Oil ND Boca Burgers Grilled Vegetable burgers (not baked) 58 Boca Burgers Grilled Vegetable burgers (baked) 116 Boca Nuggets Original Chik'n (not baked) <10 Boca Nuggets Original Chik'n (baked) <10 Morningstar Farms Breakfast Patties (not baked) ND Morningstar Farms Better 'n Burgers (not baked) ND Morningstar Farms Better 'n Burgers (baked) ND Worthington Veja-Links (uncooked) ND Worthington Veja-Links (microwaved) ND Worthington Veja-Links (toasted) ND * See Note Below Breads and bakery products Pepperidge Farm Dark Pump Pumpernickel (not toasted) 34 Pepperidge Farm Dark Pump Pumpernickel (toasted) 364 Pepperidge Farm Nat.Whle Grn Whole Wheat (not toasted) ND Pepperidge Farm Nat.Whle Grn Whole Wheat (toasted) 59 Pepperidge Farm Original White Bread (not toasted) 36 Pepperidge Farm Original White Bread (toasted) 216 Sara Lee Honey Wheat Bagels (not toasted) 27 Sara Lee Honey Wheat Bagels (toasted) 57 Sara Lee Plain Mini Bagels (not toasted) 58 Sara Lee Plain Mini Bagels (toasted) 343 Contadina Bread Crumbs Three Cheese 39 Super G Bread Crumbs Regular Style 42 Shoppers Food Warehouse Cake Doughnut 24 Shoppers Food Warehouse French Twirl Doughnut ND Shoppers Food Warehouse Plain Doughnut 14 Indian flat bread (from local restaurant) 125 Boboli Italian Pizza Crust (not baked) 33 Boboli Italian Pizza Crust (baked) 24 La Banderita Corn Tortillas (not fried) 10 La Banderita Corn Tortillas (fried) 13 La Banderita Flour Tortillas (not fried) <10 La Banderita Flour Tortillas (fried) 15 * See Note Below Cereals General Mills Cheerios 266 General Mills Cinnamon Toast Crunch 61 General Mills Honey Nut Cheerios 146 General Mills Lucky Charms 176 Kellogg's Corn Flakes 77 Kellogg's Corn Pops 71 Kellogg's Frosted Flakes 52 Kellogg's Frosted Mini-Wheats 78 Kellogg's Raisin Bran 156 Kellogg's Rice Krispies 47 Snack foods (other than potato chips) Chifles Fried Pork Rinds Smokehouse Flavored 12 Gen Soy Zesty Barbeque Soy Crisps 17 Super G Cheddar Cheese Corn Twists 133 Super G Microwave Popping Corn (popped) 181 Orville Redenbacher's Gourmet Popping 157 Corn Movie Theater Butter (popped) Good Health Natural Foods Honey Dijon 1168 Mustard Julienne Potato Stix Herr's Bite Size Dippers Tortilla Chips 117 Herr's Extra Thin Pretzels 309 Utz Unsalted Sourdough Specials 70 Snyder's of Hanover Veggie Crisps 832 Terra Stix 990 Utz White Corn Tortillas 111 * See Note Below Gravies and seasonings Heinz Home Style Savory Beef Gravy (canned) ND Heinz Home Style Classic Chicken Gravy (canned) ND Butterball Brown Gravy Mix ND McCormick Mushroom Gravy Mix ND McCormick Turkey Gravy Mix ND Kame Dark Soy Sauce ND Kikkoman Soy Sauce ND Colgin Natural Hickory Liquid Smoke 54 Colgin Natural Pecan Liquid Smoke 151 Stubb's Mesquite Liquid Smoke 38 Accent Flavor Enhancer ND Char Crust Roto Roast Dry-Rub Seasoning ND Wyler's Shakers Beef & French Onion Flavor ND Instant Bouillon Nuts and nut butters Blue Diamond Roasted 236 Salted Almonds Blue Diamond Smokehouse Almonds 457 Planters Salted Almonds 249 Planters Smoked Almonds 339 Planters Halves and Pieces Lightly Salted Cashews ND Super G Dry Roasted Peanuts Unsalted 28 Super G Honey Roasted Peanuts ND Super G Party Peanuts ND Arrowhead Mills Crunchy Peanut Butter 114 Jif Creamy Peanut Butter 64 Peter Pan Plus Creamy Peanut Butter 89 Richfood Creamy Peanut Butter 79 Smucker's Natural Creamy Peanut Butter 125 * See Note Below Crackers Red Oval Farms Mini Stoned Wheat Thins 26 Dare Breton Thin Wheat Crackers 300 Super G Unsalted Tops Crackers 41 Keebler Town House Crackers Reduced Fat 130 Pepperidge Farm Cheddar Goldfish 57 Streit's Lightly Salted Matzos 182 Wasa Original Crispbread Fiber Rye 504 Chocolate products Droste Cocoa ND Ghirardelli Unsweetened Cocoa 316 Hershey's Cocoa 909 Hershey's European Style Dutch Processed Cocoa 58 Baker's Bittersweet Baking Chocolate Squares 104 Ghirardelli Bittersweet Chocolate Baking Bar 93 Hershey's Milk Chocolate Bar ND Hershey's Chocolate Milk Mix ND Nestle Nesquik Chocolate Flavor 45 Land O Lakes Cocoa Classics Chocolate Supreme <10 Artificially Flavored Super G Hot Cocoa Mix Milk Chocolate Flavor 24 Swiss Miss Milk Chocolate Flavor Hot Cocoa Mix ND Jell-O Chocolate Flavor Instant Pudding & Pie Filling 15 Super G Chocolate Flavor Instant Pudding & Pie Filling 17 Canned fruits and vegetables Mott's Apple Sauce <10 Richfood Apple Sauce Cinnamon <10 B&M Original Brick Oven Baked Beans 83 B&M Vegetarian 99% Fat Free Brick Oven Baked Beans 70 Green Giant Sliced Mushrooms Broiled in Butter ND Super G Mushrooms Stems and Pieces ND Cedar Chick Peas ND Libby's Pumpkin 25 Cookies Archway Oatmeal Cookies 36 Nabisco Chips Ahoy! Chewy Chocolate Chip Cookies 97 Nabisco Chocolate Teddy Grahams 199 Stella D'Oro Anisette Toast Cookies 107 * See Note Below Coffee Maxwell House Slow Roast (ground, not brewed) 209 Starbucks Coffee Columbia Ground (ground, not brewed) 175 Super G Instant Coffee (powdered, not brewed) 188 Folgers Classic Decaf Coffee Crystals 351 (crystals, not brewed) Maxwell House Instant Coffee (powder, not brewed) 263 Medaglia D'Oro Caffe' Espresso Coffee 179 (ground, not brewed) Frozen vegetables Hanover Premium <10 Petite Asparagus Spears Hanover Blue Lake French Style Green Beans ` <10 Hanover Premium Petite Whole Carrots <10 Super G Cooked Squash <10 Dried foods Knorr Taste Breaks Soup Chicken 22 Noodle Flavor Maruchan Instant Lunch Ramen Noodles with 52 Vegetables Chicken Flavor Nissin Cup Noodles Chicken Flavor 136 Lipton Noodles & Sauce Creamy Chicken 17 Lipton Asian Side Dishes Teriyaki Noodles 34 Kraft Macaroni & Cheese Dinner 11 Super G Macaroni & Cheese Dinner 12 Lipton Recipe Secrets Onion Soup & Dip Mix 1184 Super G Onion Recipe Soup Mix 90 Lipton Rice & Sauce Herb & Butter <10 * See Note Below Dairy Grace Sweetened Condensed Milk ND Carnation Malted Milk Original 43 Carnation Insant Nonfat Dry Milk 11 Saco Cultured Buttermilk Blend <10 Miscellaneous Fuddruckers Onion Rings 13 General Mills Lucky Charms marshmallows ND Idahoan Butter & Herb Mashed Potatoes ND Jell-O Gelatin Dessert Raspberry Artificial Flavor <10 Super G Raspberry Artificial Flavor Gelatin Dessert <10 KFC Mashed Potatoes <10 Kraft Quick Cooking Minute Tapioca <10 Mrs. Richardson's Butterscotch Caramel Topping ND Idaho Spuds Mashed Potatoes ND Super G Non-Dairy Coffee Creamer <10 * These data are exploratory and do not show the distribution of acrylamide in foods. They cover a limited number of food categories, products, and brands. They generally do not address unit to unit variation or lot to lot variation.
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